Andrew Marvell’s to His Coy Mistress Free Essays

Marvell’s To his Coy Mistress Author(s): Walter A. Sedelow, Jr. Source: Modern Language Notes, Vol. We will write a custom essay sample on Andrew Marvell’s to His Coy Mistress or any similar topic only for you Order Now 71, No. 1 (Jan. , 1956), pp. 6-8 Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/3043707 . Accessed: 29/12/2010 18:37 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp. JSTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. 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The Johns Hopkins University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Modern Language Notes. http://www. jstor. org Marvell’s To His Coy Mistress f for tightness on Reflecting the measure of Marvell’s celebrity we poetic organization, may find it ironic that the final,climactic lines in his mostwidelyacclaimedlyricremainformostreadersand critics essentiallydisjoined from the poem as a whole, and from their origin as well. AlthoughTillyard chose To his Coy Mistress as his allusionforthe typeof a highlyorganized(† plotted†) lyric,’ Marvell’s 2 demonstrated and Wallerstein and T uve 3 have elaborately couplet images,the concluding Christian symbolic usage of traditional appears neverto have been loselyrelatedto the centralsignificance of the poem,nor to its Biblical source. T. S. Eliot, for example,in discussionof the poem never mentionsthe conhis distinguished for cluding lines,much less theircentralsignificance the whole,and 5 nor Macdonald has caughtthe 6 Margoliouth it appearsthat neither source of the images. Bradbrookand Thomas noted7 that â€Å"make but beyond our sun / Stand still† derivesfromJoshua and Jericho, that theirexplicationis this: that the lovers† are not Joshuas,they are gods,† for though they † cannot controlTime, yet . . it is whereby alone thatsuppliesthemotive powerof existence theirenergy Time is created. † Whatthis does not do is showthat † we will make him run† is also Old Testamentand that when seen against the of context its sourcein the Psalms we findnew essentialmeaningfor the couplet in the poem and forthe poem in the couplet. 8 on The modelforAddison’sOde († The spaciousfirmament high†), Psalm 19 († The heavensdeclarethe gloryof God â€Å") reads in verses 4-6 (King JamesVersion): Their [i. e. , the heavens’] line is gone out through all the earth, 1E. M. W. Tillyard, Poetry Direct and Oblique (London, 1934), p. 198. Ruth C. Wallerstein, Studies in Seventeenth Century Poetic (Madison, 1950). Rosemund Tuve, Elizabethan and Metaphysical Imagery (Chicago, 1947). 4 T. S. Eliot, Selected Essays (New York, 1950), pp. 251-263; also, in Andrew Marvell . . . Tercentenary Tributes, ed. W. H. Bagguley (London, 1922), pp. 63-78. 6 H. M. Margoliouth, ed. , The Poems and Letters of Andrew Marvell, 2 vol. (Oxford, 1927). 6 Hugh Macdonald, ed. , The Poems of Andrew Marvell (London, 1952). 7M. C. Bradbrook and M. G. Lloyd Thomas, Andrew Marvell (Cambridge, Eng. , 1940), p. 44. 8 Margoliouth indicated (p. v) that he would not include unnecessary annotations, and perhaps the Joshua aspect of the image is obvious, but not so for the rest, for all Bradbrook and Thomas suggest here is Donne’s The Sunne Rising, with which the parallel is comparatively loose. 2 Modern LaLnguageNotes And their words to the end of the world. In them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun, Which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, And ejoiceth as a strong man to run a race. His going forth is from the end of the heaven, And his circuit unto the ends of it. Disregardingfor the nonce the apparentlyincidental,but by no between†end of the world† and correspondence means irrelevant, â€Å"by the Indian Ganges’ side † (when takenin antipodalconjunction with† by the tide/ Of Humber†), we noticethat in bothpsalm and withthe poemthe image of the sun as run nerappearsin conjunction idea of the onset of the physicalphase of love. This double coincibut not likelyto be accidental, far moreconclusive, denceis, perhaps, is far and, moreimportant, more significant the additionalmeaning of for the couplet and poem that a recognition the source provides, percept established of the evident, a it for,first, provides confirmation equivalent of intensity lovingin a brieftimethe thatwitha sufficient in experiencecan be achieved of slow-paced loving over a vast eternity(and we may urge that Time, the Sun, a strongman and would have to run long and hard to encompass runner hencea strong of the precise confirmation which see their accomplishment-for of below) ; second, the recognition Marvell’s sun as a bridegroom recalls us to the firstidea of the poem,for the bridemagnificently groom† comingout of his chamber. . . who] rejoicethas a strong lover-and man to run a race,† is a splendidformforthe unhurried therebythe meaning of the third paragraph is enhanced by an as withthe first foil and a generalsense o f unity contrast immediate is achievedby havingthe verylast line and last idea recall the first of third,the recognition the sun as a lines and firstidea; further, self-confident strong and perhapseven saunteringly â€Å") († bridegroom to â€Å") casual († comingout of his chamber whois to be compelled run for developed the poem’sthird brutality sustainsthe tone of vigorous if paragraph;fourth, the Sun (who createstime,and who by making also createsworld), if the Sun, man’s standpoint life possible,from bave to run hard, then he must create a would a powerful runner, vast amount of time and a vast amount of world indeed-† world enough and time† one would think,for after all if he won’t be of made to stand still (i. e. , to createan infinity time), this powerful runnerwill be â€Å"made to run† (i. e. , run hard) which is the next best thing (i. e. , to create a vast, if finite,time, and world), and VOL. LXXI, January 1956 7 s al l that was asked for anyway: â€Å"world enough and time,† not â€Å"infinityand eternity. † Marvell may well have smiled as he thoughthow this runner’s † goingforth from end of the heaven, And his circuituntothe / is the worldenough! And ends of it â€Å"-for all the worldmustbe precisely thus the lovers’ sense of their iron straitsbecomesthe conditionof liberation:theycan forcethe sun to be his ownundoing. theirperfect Amherst College WALTER A. SEDELOW, JR. Pope, Sheffield, Shakespeare’s and JuliusCaesar From 1721 through1724 Pope energetically pursuedtwo editorial tasks:he prepared publication collected for the works JohnSheffield, of Duke of Buckingham,and the plays of Shakespeare. His correspondencereveals that he was preoccupiedby his editorial duties, for in at least two lettersof 1721 and 1722, to Jacob Tonson and JohnCaryll,he pondered botheditions progress in ‘-clearly Sheffield and Shakespearewere at timesassociatedin his thoughts. It is my purposeto showthat,as a result,in his emendations Shakespeare’s of Julius Caesar Pope let his judgmentas editorbe influenced turns by of phraseand alterations Shakespeare’stext made by Sheffield in in his veryfreeadaptation,The Tragedyof Julius Caesar. † Because Sheffield, all otherAugustan† improvers of Shakelike speare,considered himselfunder no obligationto followhis original closely,he did not consistently retain the basic structure Shakeof speare’s dialogueand action; often,in fact,he diverged wildlyfrom it. Obviously, onlythoseparts of Sheffield’s Caesar mostresembling Shakespearemay be consideredas having affected Pope’s decisions as editor,but a comparison them to parallel passages in Pope’s of edition of Shakespeare’splay will reveal that Pope took five suggestionsfromthem. Three of these are verbal alterations, one is a † degradation of a passage Pope considered † and the fifth doubtful, transfers speechfromone character another. a to Of thetwelve doublecomparatives superlatives Shakespeare’s and in 1 Pope to Tonson, George Sherburn, The Early Career of Alexander Pope (Oxford, 1934), p. 307; Pope to Caryll, Works of Pope, ed. Elwin and Courthope (London, 1871-1889), vI, 280. S Modern Language Notes How to cite Andrew Marvell’s to His Coy Mistress, Essay examples

International Business Law and Environment - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the International Business Law and Environment. Answer: Introduction The case of Nissan Motor Mfg. Corp., U.S.A. v. United States 693 FSupp 1183 (1988) saw a number of cross motions being made for summary judgment. This summary judgement had been based on Rule of United States Court of International Trade, particularly its rule 56. The main issue raised here was regarding the duty being imposed on the machinery importation in foreign trade subzone for production of merchandise (Court Listener, 2018). Nissan Motor Manufacturing Corporation U.S.A. (Nissan) was the plaintiff, who had moved to the court for this judgement on the basis that United States Customs Service (USCS) had to re-liquidate the production machinery entries and relevant capital requirements; along with for getting the duties refunded which were above $3,000,000. The defendant, United States, applied before the court for assessing the duty (August, Mayer and Bixby, 2012). This discussion presents a summary of this case, where the arguments put forth by the defendant have been covered. Background of the case Under the US Foreign Trade Zones Act, the relevant authority was provided to foreign trade zones establishment, in which the merchandise could be imported duty free for the purpose of selling. This included distribution, sorting, grading, mixing, cleaning, storing, selling, breaking up, assembling, mixing of foreign merchandise with mixing, and assumption, or any other sort of manipulation save for the ones provided herewith (Enforcement, 2018). A foreign trade zone was formed in Smyrna, Tennessee, for Nissan. Nissan imported machinery worth $116 million for its use for manufacturing the cars at this plant. US Customs Service assessed over $3,000,000 as the import duties of machinery. Nissan paid this tax under protest and challenged the validity of this duty. This assessment was upheld and an appeal was made against this decision by the defendant (Cameron, 2015). Arguments of Defendant As a defendant, it is argued that the exhaustive list of activities covered in 1950 amendment of the Foreign Trade Zones Act (FTZA), where it is clearly provided that the clear language of the statute distorted the reading as other terms in context of used, operated or used. The general rule under the statutory construction is expressio unius est exclusio alterius, which provides that a specific item is to be considered as excluding the substitute. Reference here needs to be made to United States v. Douglas Aircraft Co., 62 CCPA 54, 59, C.A.D. 1145 (1975) (Case Text, 2018a). The activities identified by Congress in their comprehensive list did not allow the installation or operation of production equipment till the duties were paid. Along with the simple reading of statute, the amendment of 1950 and the legislative history shows the Congresss intention (The Court, 2014). The legislative history would be interpreted by the defendant to show the intention of Congress in the matter of the zones to not be used completely for avoiding the duties on production equipment, which are consumed or used in that particular zone. The defendant supports this interpretation by using the history of statue for amending the FTZA (Durant, 2018). Based on this, it can be presented that as per the amendment of 1950, there was an exemption from payment of these duties, particularly for the merchandise imported in the free trade zone; which is not applied on the machinery or equipment which is imported for purpose of being used in this zone (Bolle and Williams, 2013). The defendant agrees that this observation was made long back in 1984 and that the production machinery by that time had been imported in Nissan subzone, it highlights this amendments history (Justia, 2018a). In the two cases of Co. v. United States, 74 Cust Ct 583, 590, 200 F Supp 302, 308 (1961), aff'd, 50 C CPA 36, C.A.D. 816 (1963), as well as, Butler v. United States Dep't of Agriculture, 826 F.2d 409, 414 n. 6 (5th Cir.1987), a common theme was followed regarding a careful consideration of the following statements as the expert opinions authoritative expression (Case Text, 2018b). Reliance had been made by the plaintiff on Hawaiian Indep Refinery v. United States, 81 Cust Ct 117, 460 F Supp 1249 (1978). This matter had crude oil being imported in the foreign trade one which had been processed at oil refinery present in this subzone. After some time, a segment from this processed crude oil was stored and used as source of fuelling the refinerys operations based on the relevant requirement (Leagle, 2018a). The plaintiff of this case had been asked by USCS, for fling the refined crude oil use as consumption entry in the zone, and for classifying the fuel based on Tariff Schedules of the United States (TSUS). The decision was protested based on the refined crude oil not being subjected to duty. The refined crude oil was used as secondary source of fuel in this case and this was not made dutiable as a result of this (Justia, 2018b). Though, there is a stark between the quoted case and this present instance. This is because in the quoted case, the FTZA covered refined crude oil in the meaning of merchandise. Though, production equipment is not covered in this definition owing to the Congresss exhaustive list regarding allowed operation not being permitted an article to be brought in this zone, free of duty, and for the same to be used as production machinery for making the other articles. As a matter of public policy, the Congress had no intent of placing the manufacturers or sellers of this machinery in a place which puts them at an entire competitive disadvantage in context of production machinery being manufactured in foreign, which could be imported without the duty in such zones and could be sold off cheaply. One of the Customs Service Decisions provided that the production machinery imported from Japan for using in other foreign trade zone that every article could not be considered as merchandise. Here, the defendant would emphasize on the legislative proposal regarding permitting the entry of this equipment in a specified manner in foreign trade zone, without making the payment of duty, which the Congress had rejected (Leagle, 2018b). In context of Hawaiian Indep Refinery v. United States, there is also a need to present that the tariff schedule which were applicable on Nissan, acted as payment of such duties, had been contemplated specifically by the board creating the subzone. The board did hold the power, as per the defendant, of giving regulations and rules required for carrying this act. Thus, the payment of duties regarding production equipment could not be denied by the plaintiff. Nissan had acknowledged implicitly that the payment of duty as a requirement for the production equipment for foreign trade zone in the complete and formal application was the basic plan in the FTZ system. This had been submitted back in May of 1982. Through these documents, the scope granted by the Board, in context of the zone, had been clearly defined (Leagle, 2018b). Courts Decision The court stated that there was no need to consider the authority of Board in putting the stipulations on granting the payment of duty for production equipment for a particular zone. Still, the Board was not under the condition to grant Nissans subzone any kind of implicit promise on the basis of the documents which had been presented regarding the payment of duties in May. The Court reached the conclusion regarding Order, and regarding the resolution, which had been adopted already and the Grant of Authority been already delivered. Further, in the Federal Register, these documents had been published already (Leagle, 2018b). Regarding the actions of Board, the court held that the application made to the board by Nissan, could not make reference to the dutiable status of production machinery; along with this, the grant of authority does not restrict the right of entry of such machinery by the company in the zone, without paying the relevant duties or the same being conditioned by the grant in such a way which could waive the rights of company for challenging the entry needs of USCS by filing protest and by initiating an action to challenge the denial of such protest. This led to the second argument being declined; but this did not result in the first argument of defendant being defeated regarding legislative history and statue (Schaffer, Agusti and Dhooge, 2014). Based on the amendments of FTA, and its language, coupled with legislative history, the capital equipment and the production machinery were held as dutiable by the court. This led to the summary judgment of defendant being granted and in the denial of the same filed by Nissan (Leagle 2018b). Conclusion This case shows that the production equipments and the capital equipments which are brought in the foreign trade subzones are subjected to duty, owing to the legislative history and the applicable statues. This led to the claims made by the plaintiff in this case being denied and the verdict being given in favour of the defendant. References August, R.A., Mayer, D., and Bixby, M. (2012) International Business Law. 6th ed. London: Pearson Education. Bolle, M.J., and Williams, B.R. (2013) U.S. Foreign-Trade Zones: Background and Issues for Congress. [Online] Congressional Research Service. Available from: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42686.pdf [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Cameron, G.D. (2015) International Business Law: Cases and Materials. Michigan: Van Rye Publishing. Case Text. (2018a) United States V. Douglas Aircraft Co. [Online] Case Text. Available from: https://casetext.com/case/united-states-v-douglas-aircraft-co [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Case Text. (2018b) Nissan Motor Mfg. Corp., U.S.A. V. U.S., (CIT 1988). [Online] Case Text. Available from: https://casetext.com/case/nissan-motor-mfg-corp-usa-v-us [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Court Listener. (2018) Nissan Motor Mfg. Corp., USA v. United States, 693 F. Supp. 1183 (Ct. Intl. Trade 1988). [Online] Court Listener. Available from: https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2357262/nissan-motor-mfg-corp-usa-v-united-states/? [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Durant, J. (2018) HQ 219492. [Online] Internet FAQ Archives. Available from: https://www.faqs.org/rulings/rulings1990HQ0219492.html [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Enforcement. (2018) U.S. Foreign-Trade Zones Board. [Online] Enforcement. Available from: https://enforcement.trade.gov/ftzpage/19uscftz/ch1a.html [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Justia. (2018a) Nissan Motor Mfg. Corp., U.S.A., Plaintiff-appellant, v. the United States, Defendant-appellee, 884 F.2d 1375 (Fed. Cir. 1989). [Online] Justia. Available from: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/884/1375/463930/ [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Justia. (2018b) Hawaiian Independent Refinery, Inc., Appellant, v. the United States, Appellee, 697 F.2d 1063 (Fed. Cir. 1983). [Online] Justia. Available from: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/697/1063/11356/ [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Leagle. (2018a) Hawaiian Independent Refinery v United States. [Online] Leagle. Available from: https://www.leagle.com/decision/19781709460FSupp1249_11512/HAWAIIAN%20INDEPENDENT%20REFINERY%20v.%20UNITED%20STATES [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Leagle. (2018b) Nissan Motor Mfg. Corp., U.S.A. v. U.S. [Online] Leagle. Available from: https://www.leagle.com/decision/19881876693FSupp1183_11747/NISSAN%20MOTOR%20MFG.%20CORP.,%20U.S.A.%20v.%20U.S. [Accessed on: 10/01/18] Schaffer, R., Agusti, F., and Dhooge, L.J. (2014) International Business Law and Its Environment. 9th ed. USA: Cengage Learning. The Court. (2014) Customs Cases Adjudged in the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Michigan: Michigan State University.

Alphonse Capone essays

Alphonse Capone essays Alphonse Capone a.k.a. Al Capone was born on January 17, 1899 in Brooklyn, New York. Alphonse Capone which parents were baptizes grew up in a rough district and he was a member of two kid gangs, the Brooklyn Rippers and the Forty Thieves Juniors. Although Al Capone was a bright young man, he quit school in the sixth grade at age fourteen. Although Al Capone was a criminal he had normal jobs on the side e.g. he was a clerk in a candy store, an assistant in a bowling alley and a cutter in a book bindery. Soon he became part of the notorious Five Points gang in Manhattan and now he worked in gangster Frankie Yales Brooklyn dive, Harvard In, which was an illegal gambling den. While working here he received his famous facial scars which resulted in the nickname Scarface. He had insulted a costumer and was attacked by her brother with a glass. In 1918 Capone met an Irish girl named Mary Mae Coughlin at a dance. On December 4, 1918 Mae gave birth to their son, Albert Sonny Francis. Capone a nd Mae married later that year on December 30. Capone was arrested for the first time while he was working for Yale because of a disorderly Conduct. He also murdered two men in his first years as a gangster, but nobody wanted to testimony against him, because they were either his friends or afraid of him. After Capone had sent a gang member from an Irish gang called Finnegan on the hospital, Yale sent him to Chicago because the Irish gangs where furious and threatened to kill him. So Capone now moved to Chicago with his family, were they moved into a house at 7244 South Prairie Avenue. After Capones move to Chicago he became member of the Four Deuces, a gang which were lead by his old friend from New York, John Torrio. The Year was now 1919 and a new kind of underground crime/business, illegal distribution of liquor was becoming attractive for the gangsters because...

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The following is a proposed framework for mobile learning: Mobile Learning Applications Mobile User Infrastructure (browser, handheld devices) Mobile Protocol(adoption of content with WAP) Mobile Network Infrastructure (cellular systems, satellites amongst others) Figure 3 Level 1: Mobile Learning Applications Many new applications are becoming possible and many existing electronic learning applications can be modified for a mobile environment[2]. Level 2: Mobile User Infrastructure In the mobile user infrastructure level, the design of new mobile learning applications should cater for the capabilities of the user mobile devices[2]. Level 3: Mobile Protocol In the mobile protocol level, the aim is to hide the underlying networks details from applications while providing a uniform and easy-to-use interface[2]. Level 4: Mobile Learning Infrastructure In the mobile network infrastructure level, service quality primarily depends on network resources and capabilities[2]. 2.7: CHOICE OF MOBILE DEVICE While various types of mobile devices can be used in mobile learning, the mobile device that will be considered during the development of the application will be mobile phone. 2.8: MOBILE PHONE Wherever you go nowadays, you can see people carrying their mobile phone with them. Mobile phone allows communication across the world, different countries and abroad countries. Nowadays, mobile phones do not only support voice calls, they can receive data and faxes, send short messages(SMS), access WAP services and provide full internet access using technologies such as GPRS. At the present time, mobile phones support wireless technologies such as: Infrared Bluetooth 3G WAP WIFI 2.8.1: LIMITATIONS OF MOBILE PHONE However, mobile phones possess various constraints that may affect their progress in the future. These are described as follows: Limited storage Small runtime heap Modest processor performance Limited screen size 2.8.2: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LATEST MOBILE PHONES 2.9: WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES Wireless Technologies denotes technologies in which the use of wire for communication is eliminated. Radio and TV broadcasting to mobile phone and Bluetooth are examples of wireless technologies. The latter was un-imaginable till Heinrich Rudolf Hertz in 1886-1988 demonstrated the transmission and reception of radio signals[4]. 2.9.1: DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES Radio FM and AM radio is the first to use wireless technology commercially. This brings wireless technology to the common man[4]. Television Another step ahead with wireless technology is Television broadcast. This introduces wireless technology even closer[4]. Mobile Mobile Technology such as GSM and CDMA made a revolution on communication and it uses time division, frequency division and code division multiplexing. These include the latest and hottest example of wireless technologies[4]. GPS Latest and greatest technology that uses wireless is Global positioning system-radio waves are used for this[4]. Bluetooth/WI-FI/Infrared With the introduction of computers, all these technologies are becoming popular to everyone. All these technologies are based on wireless. Bluetooth uses short range wireless technology that allows connection to various types of electronic equipment like printers, mobiles, camera amongst others to computers. WI-FI is mainly used to establish a wireless LAN and wireless internet connection which is called as hotspots[4]. 2.9.2: INVESTIGATION OF POTENTIAL WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES There are three technologies that best suit the communication of two or more computers using standard network protocol without network cabling. An overview of these three technologies is described below: WAP The WAP protocol stack is made up of the Application layer Session layer Transaction layer Security layer Transport layer It provides an environment in which applications and services for portable and wireless devices are developed and executed. It includes a microbrowser, a markup language interface and push technology for the transmission of data to applications residing on clients plus multimedia message capabilities and content formats. Wireless Application Protocol(WAP) or WAP 2.0 is next generation of the WAP specification that delivers a richer and more secure experience to mobile internet services and even printers. WI-FI Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity and is used to define any of the wireless technology in the IEEE 802.11 specification including the wireless protocols 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g. The Wi-Fi Alliance is the body responsible for promoting the term and its association with various wireless technology standards[5]. A Wi-Fi network can also be used to enable connectivity to a larger Local Area Network(LAN) , Wide Area Network(WAN) or the internet[5]. To be able to use Wi-Fi, you must be using a computer or PDA that possess Wi-Fi connectivity already working. Most portable computers can add Wi-Fi using an adapter that plugs into a PC card slot or USB port[5]. Wi-Fi is supported by many applications and devices including video game consoles, home networks, PDAs, mobile phones, major operating systems and other types of consumer electronics[6]. Bluetooth Bluetooth wireless technology is a short range communication technology intended to replace the cables connecting portable and/or fixed devices while maintaining high levels of security[7]. The structure and the global acceptance of Bluetooth Technology means any Bluetooth enable devices, almost everywhere in the world, can connect to other Bluetooth enabled devices located in proximity to one another[7]. Connections between Bluetooth enabled electronic devices allow these devices to communicate wirelessly through short-range, ad hoc networks known as piconets[7]. 2.9.3: WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES COMPARISON There exist numerous technologies to develop a mobile application. Hence, a comparison is made between these technologies in order to select the most appropriate technology depending upon the requirement of the system to be developed. Range Worldwide 10 m 100 m Frequency range 1000-Mbit/s 2.4 Ghz 2.4 Ghz Transmit range 54 Mbps 1 Mbps ~10Mbps Power High 1/5 of Wi-Fi High Penetration Penetrate objects Penetrate objects Penetrate objects Line of sight Not required Not required Not required Cost Cheap Cheap Cheap 2.10: WAP TECHNOLOGY WAP is an enabling technology based on the internet client server architecture model for transmission and presentation of information from the World Wide Web(WWW) and other applications utilizing the Internet Protocol(IP) to a mobile phone or other wireless terminal. However, WAP is a global standard developed by the WAP Forum for wireless devices to access the intranet and telephony services. WAP can also be used to access data from corporate intranets through public or private IP networks[8]. Figure 3 shows the WAP services that are currently offered. Figure 4 2.10.1: FORMATION OF WAP Ericson, Motorola, Nokia and Phone.com founded the WAP forum in June 1997 to create license-free standards for the entire industry to use in order to develop products based on WAP. 2.10.2: WAP SPECIFICATIONS WAP is an open specification that defines a set of protocols application, session, transaction, security and transport layers. To leverage existing programming and development skills, WAP is based on existing standards and protocols such as XML, HTTP, UDP, HTML and Javascript[8]. The key elements of the WAP specification include: A well-known application development framework- The WAP transport model is analogous to the internet model, except for the gateway that is inserted between the web server and the client[8]. WML(Wireless Markup Language) as the standard markup language. A browser inside WAP services that parses WML and WMLScript[8]. A framework to support advanced telephony, like WWW to mobile messaging, call forwarding, mobile to telefax access and address book access[8]. Figure 5 Figure 4 compares a protocol stack based on the internet model to WAP. As you can see, numerous networks are included in WAP with the ultimate goal of targeting multiple networks. WIRELESS SESSION LAYER(WSP) The wireless session protocol is an interface between the application layer and delivers all functions that are needed for wireless connections. A session mainly consists of 3 phases: start of the session, transferring information back and forth and the end of the session. Additionally, a session can be interrupted and started again(from the point where it was interrupted)[9]. WIRELESS TRANSACTION PROTOCOL The Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP) is a transaction-oriented protocol, executed using a datagram service. WTP offers the following functions[9]: Three classes of transaction services Unreliable one-way requests Reliable one-way requests Reliable two-way request/response transactions Optional user-to-user reliability feature The WTP user triggers confirmation for each received message[9]. WIRELESS TRANSPORTATION LAYER SECURITY(WTLS) The wireless transport layer security is an optional layer or stack which consists of description devices. A secure transmission is crucial for certain applications such as e-commerce or WAP- banking and is a standard in these days. Furthermore, WTLS contains a check for data integrity, user authentication and gateway security[9]. WIRELESS DATAGRAM PROTOCOL(WDP) The wireless datagram protocol represents the transfer or transmission layer and is also the interface of the network layer to all the above stack/layers. With the help of the WDP, the transmission layer can be assimilated to the specifications of a network operator. This means that WAP is completely independent from any network operator. The transmission of SMS, USSD, CSD, CDPD, IS-136 packet data and GPRS is supported. The Wireless Control Message Protocol(WCMP) is an optional addition to WAP, which will inform users about occurred errors[9]. 2.10.3: HOW WAP WORKS A typical WAP network consists of the following components[8]: User with WAP-enabled device Gateway Application server The Application server can be located in either a public or private IP network. The gateway is normally located in telecom networks but it can be setup by a company using its own computer systems[8]. A typical scenario using WAP technology A user with a WAP device requests content from the application server[8]. The request reaches the gateway first, which does the protocol translation from WAP to HTTP and routes the HTTP request to the destination server[8]. The server returns WML output and adds HTTP headers to the gateway, depending upon whether dynamic or static pages are requested[8]. The gateway converts WML and HTTP to binary form to conserve bandwidth and returns a WAP response to the user[8]. The browser inside the WAP device interprets the WML and shows the contents[8]. 2.10.4: WAP LIMITATIONS Compared to PCs, wireless devices are limited in terms of processing power, memory, battery life and display size. Other issues of low bandwidth, latency and connection stability brings motivation to come up with new set of WAP technologies[8]. 2.11: INVESTIGATION OF POTENTIAL MOBILE WAP (and Web) INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PLATFORM Web development on mobile phones has long suffered from a rigid platform and the inability for mobile browsers to keep up with current web technologies. You could test your WML code with a cell phone but most providers charge a premium for Web access and testing could cost a lot. Instead, there exist emulators that are available, some of which are packaged with a full SDK while some even include a full Integrated Development Environment (IDE). 2.11.1: WML EMULATOR Instead of installing an entire WAP SDK, you can install a WML emulator. An emulator allows you to view the contents of your WML files as they would be appear on the screen of a WAP-enabled device. There are various WAP emulators available. Some are illustrated below: WAP PROOF 2008 professional version 4.2.0327 WAP Proof is an emulator of a WAP browser for Microsoft Windows, a universal WML, HTML and XHTML intended for designers of mobile content. It is designed for the preview and debugging of mobile websites. The purpose of a WAP proof is to emulate the rendering of WML 1.3, HTML, XHTML Mobile Profile 1.0 and Chtml documents by different devices. The mobile- oriented content is rendered exactly as if it was downloaded on the real cellphone[10]. The source code of the WML document can also be viewed as illustrated below. KLONDIKE WAP BROWSER This is produced by Apache Software. Klondike looks like a Web browser and is therefore very easy to use for beginners. Local WML files can be accessed easily. Klondike WAP Browser employs the Wireless Markup Language (WML) through an implementation of Klondike WAP Microbrowser Engine, including character entities, text input and validation, single and multiple selection boxes, variable substitution, deck-card task and event shadowing, deck access control, GET and POST methods, variable escaping, timers, and BMPs and BMP anchors[11]. YOSPACE Yospace is a mobile application s innovator and platform provider allowing digital publishers, mobile application developers, and mobile operators to rapidly and affordably deliver mobile video services[12]. WAP developers can use the desktop edition of the emulator to preview WAP applications from their desktop as the emulator provides a reasonably faithful reproduction of the actual handset products. WinWAP This is produced by Slob-Trot Software. WinWAP is a WML browser that works on any computer with 32-bit Windows installed. Moreover, it is web browser for WAP made by Winwap Technologies available for Microsoft Windows and any Windows CE powered device, like the common Windows Mobile powered Pocket PC phones[13]. WML files can be browsed locally from the hard drive or the internet with HTTP(as with your normal browser). 2.11.2: WEB SERVER SERVICES SOFTWARE EasyPHP version 5.3.2 EasyPHP is a complete software package that allows you to use all the power and the flexibility that dynamic languages like PHP offer as well as the efficient use of databases. Package includes an Apache server, a MySQL database, a full PHP execution, as well as easy development tools for your applications. You can change MIME configuration in apache to make the server recognize WML pages, WMLS and WBMP. CERN server It is a generic public domain full-featured hypertext server that can be used as a regular HTTP server. The server is typically running on port 80 to serve hypertext and other documents but it can also serve as a proxy a server on a firewall machine, that provides access for people inside a firewall to the outside world. Furthermore, the server runs on most Unix platforms[14].